What is necessary for the durability of concrete exposed to freeze-thaw cycling?

The durability of concrete exposed to freeze-thaw cycling is highly dependent on air-entrainment and adequate curing. Air-entrainment involves the incorporation of microscopic air bubbles within the concrete mix, which serves as a cushion. During freeze-thaw cycles, these air spaces allow for the expansion of freeze-thaw water without causing significant stress on the concrete structure, thus preventing cracking and scaling.

Adequate curing is essential to ensure that the concrete achieves its intended strength and durability. Proper curing helps prevent moisture loss, allowing for complete hydration of the cement, which contributes to the concrete’s overall resilience against the damaging effects of freeze-thaw cycles. Without sufficient curing, concrete may not adequately bond, leading to deterioration over time.

The high water-cement ratio would increase the porosity of the concrete, making it more susceptible to water infiltration and subsequent damage during freeze-thaw cycling. Lightweight aggregates, while beneficial in some contexts, do not specifically address the need for resisting freeze-thaw cycles. Low temperature settings during the curing process could hinder the hydration reaction that is critical for developing the concrete's properties.